Exam 2 Review Sheet

PRACTICAL EXAM 2 REVIEW SHEET

Animal review:

There may something not listed on here, which may be on the practical.

In general:

· Know terms in bold

· Taxonomy

· Dissections with terms in bold

· Specimens, slides

· Characters used to classify animals

· Types of body cavities, what they look like and an animal that has each type of cavity

· Functions of the coelom

· Sponges: epithelial cells, choanocytes, spongocoel, amoebocytes, spicules, asymmetrical, earliest branching in animal history, no locomotion in adults

· Cnidarians: 2 body morphs, tentacles, cnidocytes, nematocysts, mesoglea, 1st true tissues

· Radial symmetrical

· Hydra: colonial, alternating body morphs in lifecycle

· Sea jellies: medusa form dominates, polyp form lost or reduced

· Sea anemones & corals: medusa form completely absent,

· Flatworms: 1^st time we see triploblastic germ layers, bilateral symmetry, & true organs, lack circulatory system, acoelom

· Flukes: parasitic, most of body is reproductive organs, lifecycles involve many hosts – very complex

· Tapeworms: proglottids, scolex, specialized gut parasites,

· Nematodes: pseudocoelom, bilateral symmetry, completer gut,

· Segmented worms: organs, coelom, complete gut, true segments, closed circulatory system, 1^st complex brain ganglia

· Oligochaeta: setae

· Polychaetes: Parapodia, setae

· Leeches: 2 suckers, no setae

· Arthropods: 75% of all animal spp., jointed paired appendages, protostomes, bilateral symmetry, segmented - tagmata, exoskeleton – chitin

· Trilobites: all extinct, flattened body covered with carapace

· Chelicerata: lack mandibles - chelicerae, no antennae, tagmata: cephalothorax & abdomen, pedipalps,

· Arachnids: spinnerets, Malpighian tubules,

· Sea spiders: 4 pairs of walking legs, reduced abdomen

· Horseshoe crabs: carapace,

· Crustaceans: 2 pairs of antennae, mandibles, biramous appendages, 2 pairs of maxillae

· Branchiopods: appendages modified for locomotion & gas exchange

· Malacostraca: largest class of crustacea, tagmata: head, thorax, abdomen, isopods, amphipods, decapods

· Barnacles: marine, sessile, filter feeders, no abdomen, reduced head, calcareous plates, acorn and gooseneck

· Uniramia: 1 pair of antennae, unbranched appendages, primarily terrestrial, trachea, mandibles

· Myriapods: centipedes and millipedes

· Centipedes: active predators, mostly terrestrial, tagmata: head and trunk, claws, d-v depressed, one pair of appendages except 1^st and last 2

· Millipedes: very cylindrical, nocturnal, tagmata: head and trunk, 4 thoracic segments 1 pair of appendages, while all abdominal have 2 pairs of appendages

· Insects: 3 pairs of appendages, tagmata: head, thorax & abdomen, some posses wings, compound eyes

· Mollusks: mantle, foot, radula, triploblastic germ layer, true coelom, complete digestive system, circulatory system is open, bilateral symmetry

· Chitons: 8 plates/valves, marine, sedentary

· Toothshells: long tubular shells with two openings

· Gastropods: torsion, only mollusks to invade land

· Bivalves: 2^nd largest mollusk class, most filter feeders, 2 valves/shells, adductor muscles, excurrent and incurrent siphon

· Cephalapoda: great cephalization, complex behavior, parental care, Chromatophores

· Echinoderms: tube feet – water vascular system, bipinnaria larvae, endoskeleton, deuterostomes, pentaramous radial symmetry that is derived, sedentary, dermal brachiae, pedicellarie

· Feather lilies: sessile adults, filter feeders

· Sea stars: active predators, tube feet, digestion is external

· Brittle stars: elongate arms around a central disk

· Sand dollars & sea urchins: test – fused skeletal plates and spines, Aristotle’s lantern

· Sea cucumbers: tentacles used to gather around prey, and gas exchange, predation defense – regenerate their organs

· Chordates: 1) dorsal, hollow nerve cord; 2) pharyngeal gill slits; 3) post-anal tail; & 4) notochord, deuterostomes, bilateral symmetry, coelom,

· Tunicates: free swimming larvae, 90% of all non-vertebrate chordates

· Lancelets/amphioxus: no brain & distinct head, notochord from the most anterior to the most posterior, free swimming larvae

· Vertebrates: vertebrae replace the notochord, nerve cord becomes the CNS, axial (skull and spinal column) and Apendicular skeletons (pelvic and pectoral girdle)

· Agnatha: jawless fish, no paired appendages, no lateral line or sensory system,

· Cartilaginous fishes: paired appendages, single – multiple gill slits, heterocercal tail,

· Bony fish: skeleton of true bone, scales, pharyngeal jaws, well-developed brain

· Amphibians: 1^st group to develop a tetrapod body form, Ectothermic, must reproduce near water

· Reptiles: amniotic egg, 1^st group of vertebrates to successfully invade land, scaled skin, limb reduction in some, Ectothermic, homodont dentition

· Birds: what are special features of birds, homotherms, hollow bones, air sacs, well-developed hearing and vision, keel on sternum, complex social systems

· Mammals: fur, mammary glands, homotherms, Heterodont dentition, diaphragm, high-degree of sociality, diverse group, yet only 4400 spp.

· Systems: skeletal, respiratory, circulatory, endocrine, digestive, integumentary, muscular, excretory, nervous, and reproductive