CONTENTS

Introduction

1. Introductory Comments
1. Microbeam Techniques in Geology
2. Units
2. Historical Background
1. Early Work with Cathode Rays
2. Discovery of X-rays
3. Further Investigations of X-rays
4. Diffraction of X-rays
5. Wave-Particle Duality
6. X-rays and Elements
3. Development of Instrumentation
1. Magnetic Lenses
2. Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope
3. Scanning Secondary Electron Microscope
4. Electron Microprobe

Signals

1. Types of Signals
2. Electron Interaction Volume
1. Introduction
2. Monte Carlo Simulations
3. Dection of Signals
4. Electronmagnetic Spectrum
1. Introduction
2. Energy-wavelength Relationship
5. Continuum X-rays
6. Characteristics X-rays
1. Introduction
2. Atomic Structure and Characteristic X-rays
3. Naming Characteristic X-rays
4. Moseley's Law
5. X-ray Intensity
6. Satellite Peaks
7. Peak Shifts
7. Cathodoluminescence
1. Introduction
2. Band Theory
3. Conductors, Semiconductors and Insulators
4. Production of Cathodoluminescence
5. Types of Semiconductors
6. Application of Cathodoluminescence
8. Absorption of Electromagnetic Radiation
1. Lambert's Law
2. Half-Thickness
3. Absorption Edges
4. Secondary Fluorescence
9. Heat
10. Secondary Electrons
1. Introduction
2. Production of Secondary Electrons
3. Secondary Electron Yield
4. Secondarey Electron Components
11. Backscattered Electrons
1. Introduction
2. Backscattered Coefficient

Instrumentation

1. Introduction
2. Vacuum System
1. Introduction
2. Vacuum Systems
3. Pump-down Sequence
4. Vacuum Pumps
1. Mechanical Pump
2. Oil Diffusion Pump
3. Turbomolecular Pump
4. Sputter Ion Pump
5. Vacuum Gauges
3. Electron Sources
1. Introduction
2. Thermionic Sources
1. Tungsten Filament Cathode
2. LaB₆
3. Wehnelt
4. Anode
4. Electron Gun Alignment
5. Introduction to Magnetic Lenses
6. Electron Column
1. Condenser Lens
2. Beam Regulator
3. Beam Monitor
4. Objective Lens
1. Microprobe Minicoil Lens
2. SEM Objective Lens
3. Scanning Coils
4. Astigmators
5. Column Alignment
7. Sample Chamber
1. Low Vacuum Mode
2. Environmental SEM
3. Microprobe Sample Stage
8. Light Optics

Detection of Signals

1. Wavelength Dispersive Spectrometry
1. Introduction
2. Bragg's Law
3. Spectrometer Geometry
4. Spectrometer Mounting
5. Take-off angle
6. Analyzing Crystals
1. Crystal Characteristics
2. Crystal Design
7. X-ray Detectors
8. Gas-flow and Sealed Detectors
1. Detection Process
2. Escape Peaks
3. Deadtime
4. Resolution
9. Single-channel Analyzer

Detection of Signals (cont.)

1. Energy Dispersive Spectrometry
1. Introduction
2. Detector Crystals
1. Detection Process
2. Resolution
3. Signal Amplification and Processing
4. Peak Fitting
2. Backscattered Electron Detection
1. Detection Process
2. Signal Types
3. Secondary Electron Detection
1. Detection Process
4. Cathodoluminescence
1. Detection

Statistics

1. Populations & Samples
2. Accuracy & Precision
3. Basic Statisitics
1. Central Tendency
2. Variability
3. Poisson & Gaussian Distributions
4. Propagation of Errors
1. Methodology
2. Example
5. Statistics of X-ray Counting
1. Error on Count Ratio
2. Optimum Counting Time
6. Detection Limit
1. Derivation
2. Example
3. Caveats
7. Sample Homogeneity
8. Significant Digits

Quantification

1. Introduction
2. Calibration Curves
3. Empirical Matrix Corrections
1. Bence-Albee Corrections
2. Example Bence-Albee Correction
4. ZAF & PAP Corrections
1. Introduction
2. Atomic Number Correction (Z)
3. Absorption Correction (A)
4. Fluorescence Correction (F)
5. PAP Model

Mineral Recalculation

1. Methodology
2. Oxygen Normallized Examples
   1. Phlogopite Mica
   2. Alkali Feldspar
3. Cation Normallized Example
1. Augite Pyroxene